EXPLANATION OF ZAKAT FITRAH

ZAKAT FITRAH. Fasting worship (shaum) in the holy month of Ramadan is conditional with perfection that is carried out at the end, which is to issue a portion of the property intended for those who have the right to receive it (mustahiq) whose implications are closely related to the origin of human events, called zakat fitrah.

Definition of Zakat Fitrah

Zakat according to the term syara is the name of certain assets in a special form/certain way that is used for a special group of people.
The zakat fitrah is the zakat that is obligatory on every Muslim as compensation to the poor, a sign of the end of the month of Ramadan as a cleanser of things that pollute the fast.
In other words, Zakat Fitrah is Zakat of the soul.

Zakat Fitrah Law

"From Ibn Umar r.a. that the Messenger of Allah required zakat fitrah of one sho of dates or one sho of wine on a slave, free person, male, female, large, small from Muslims and he ordered that it be issued before people go out to pray (HR. Bukhari and Muslim)
Sourced from the hadith above that the payment of zakat fitrah is obligatory for every Muslim.

Terms of Payment of Zakat Fitrah (muzakki)

Islam (male, female, slave, free, child, adult)
Sunset on the last day of Ramadan
Having more assets means that a person has basic food supplies for himself and his family during the holidays, including at night. (book of fatul qarib; chapter of zakat fitrah)

Size and type of food for Zakat Fitrah

The size of zakat fitrah is one sho. While one sho is equal to 4 (four) grips of two palms. Converted to a kg size of 2.176 kg, it becomes 2.2 kg. and in Indonesia as ihtiat (prudence) it is added to 2.5 kg. "The Messenger of Allah has obligated zakat fitrah in the month of Ramadan as much as one sho of dates or one sho of wheat for slaves and free people, male or female. women, children and adults from the Muslims" (HR. Muttafaq'alaih; al-Bukhari no 1512; Muslim no. 984))
The type of food for zakat fitrah is from the staple food eaten by the majority of the local population (min quti baladihi). In Indonesia, the main food is rice, which means that it is used as food for zakat fitrah.

Time to pay zakat fitrah

The time for zakat fitrah is during the month of Ramadan as stated by the Messenger of Allah
"The Messenger of Allah has obligated zakat fitrah in the month of Ramadan as much as one sho of dates or one sho of wheat for slaves and free people, male or female.
women, children and adults from the Muslims" (HR. Muttafaq'alaih; al-Bukhari no 1512; Muslim no. 984))

However, there is an obligatory and main time to issue zakat fitrah:

The time for paying zakat fitrah is after sunset at the end of the month of Ramadan until before the Eid prayer.

While the main time to issue zakat fitrah is from the dawn of Eid al-Fitr until the eve of the Eid prayer.

"Whoever pays it before prayer (Eid al-Fitr), then it is zakat (fitrah) that is received, and whoever pays it after prayer (Eid al-Fitr) then it is an alms from alms (usually at other times)" (HR. Abu Daud, no. 1609 and Ibn Majah, no. 1827)

Recipients of Zakat Fitrah (mustahiq)

The recipients of zakat fitrah are basically the same as recipients of zakat mal in general. But the needy and poor people are more important to get zakat fitrah than other groups, based on the words of the Messenger of Allah,
"Free them (the poor) on this day (Eid) from begging." (HR. Baihaqi)
"Indeed, zakat is only for the needy, the poor, the administrators of zakat, the converts who are persuaded by their hearts, to (free) slaves, those who are in debt, for the way of Allah, and those who is on the way, as a decree ordained by Allah. And Allah is All-Knowing, All-Mighty
wise” (Surat at-Taubah: 60)

Here, only a few (4) are most likely to exist

1. Faqir is a person who does not have wealth and work that can meet his needs and those who are his dependents (book of fathul qarib; chapter of zakat fitrah), including food, drink, clothing, and shelter, even though he has assets that reach the nisab . (Muslim Minhajul book: chapter 10 on zakat)

2. Poor are people who have wealth or work, each of which is quite sufficient but still lacking, such as a person who needs 10 dirhams but he only has 7 dirhams.
However, the provisions regarding the poor and the indigent in all respects are the same, as Rasulullah SAW has defined the poor in several of his hadiths, including:
"The poor are not people who go around to people who can be driven away (after being given) a fist or two loaves of bread, a grain or two dates. But a poor person is a person who does not have wealth that can meet his needs, and is not known (that he is in need) so that he can be given alms, and does not stand up to beg from humans. (HR. Bukhari, no. 1479)

3. Amil (Zakat collector) is a person employed by the imam to collect zakat and hand it over to those who are entitled to receive it. By working starting from collecting, processing, controlling the size and recording it in a special office. So they have to get their work wages from the zakat even though he is a rich man. This is based on the words of the Messenger of Allah
“Alms (zakat) should not be given to rich people except to 5 (five) groups: the officer who takes care of it, the rich who buys zakat with their own wealth, people who are in debt, people who struggle in the cause of Allah, or poor people who get alms. (assistance) from the zakat then he gives it to the rich." (HR. Ibn Majah, no. 1841)

4. Sabilillah are fighters who do not have a definite part in the state ledger, even they do jihad voluntarily only because of Allah SWT. Then what is meant by "in the way of Allah" is also an act that is done to achieve the pleasure of Allah and His reward in heaven, especially jihad to uphold the word (religion) of Allah. This section also covers the whole general benefit of religion.

Compiled by : Agus Warto, S.Pd.I
On: Sunday, April 24, 2022/22 Ramadan 1443